Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England": A Review of the Book by William Cronan
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A 4 page overview of the major points presented by this ethnohistorian. Cronan contends that The Native American inhabitants of New England at the point of European colonization viewed the land in a much different manner than did the colonist. They utilized its resources, of course, but they utilized those resources only for the purposes of their own sustenance. The colonists, in contrast, were intent on using the land not just for their own needs but for economic profit. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPcolEnv.rtf

Changing Definitions: Native American Heritage as it Relates to DNA Testing
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A 10 page discussion of the governmental role and interest in the classification of "Native American". Explains the governmental restrictions as to who can classify themselves as Native American, the necessity of being on a tribal roll, and the inadequacies and injustices of that approach. Includes information about self-identification of race and ethnicity for the purpose of the U.S. Census and suggests that DNA typing would be a more acceptable means of qualifying for tribal rolls than would the methodologies which are in use today. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: PPnaDNA.wps

Charles Mann’s “1491”
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A 3 page review of Charles Mann’s book “1491.” No additional sources cited.
Filename: RA1491.rtf

Cherokee Art
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A 3 page overview of Cherokee Art. The author emphasizes the connection Cherokee pottery has to ancient times and elaborates on its production. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPnaCherArt.rtf

Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce
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An 8 page overview of Chief Joseph's attitude and attempts to provide for the needs of his people. This paper includes fourteen direct quotes. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPnaNezP2.rtf

Chinookan Economy
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A 5 page discussion of the trade routes, economy, and jargon of these indigenous peoples. Parallels are made with contemporary U.S. economy. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPnaChinookanTrade.rtf

Christian Tragedies: “Hamlet” and “The Last Report on the Miracles at Little No Horse”
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A 4 page review of these two contrasting works of literature, one by Shakespeare and one by modern author Louise Endrich. The author contends that despite their contrasts, each is a Christian tragedy.
Filename: PPnaNoHr.rtf

Chumash
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A 3 page paper which offers a creative tutorial concerning being a Chumash Indian in history. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: RAcuh.rtf

Colonial Cognizance of Native American Distinction
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A 4 page overview of the fact that despite the tendency of early historians to skim over details on group distinction among Native Americans, early colonists were very aware of those distinctions. The author reviews Daniel Richter’s “Facing East from Indian Country : A Native History of Early America” and Karen Kupperman’s “Indians and English: Facing Off in Early America” to support this contention. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPnaLit3.rtf

Colonial Cuban Sugar Production: Impacts on Slavery and World Relations
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An 18 page overview of the historical setting of sugar production in Cuba. Emphasizes that sugar production not only impacted Cuban plantation owners and processors, it impacted a diversity of people the world over. While some of these impacts were positive, many were not. The concentration on sugar production permeated such aspects of Cuban life as land tenure, class structure, and even racial composition of the country. In many ways it can be contended that sugar production drove such deplorable societal institutions as slavery. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: PPcubSug.wps

Commitment and Cultural Diversity
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A 5 page discussion of one Native American woman's quest to understand cultural diversity, especially diversity in her law enforcement workplace. Relates the difficulties she encounters as a woman and how she helps to acquaint the rest of the workplace with Native American culture. Describes some of the problems Native Americans encounter and dispels some of the stereotypes. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPcommiB.wps

Comparison of Discrimination and Assimilation of African and Native Americans: Minority Groups, Cultural Changes, Colonization, Immigration, and Relations with the Dominant Group
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This is an 8 page paper discussing discrimination and assimilation of African and Native Americans. African Americans and Native Americans in the United States have experienced generations of discrimination and assimilation but from somewhat different perspectives. Native Americans were the most profoundly affected by colonization and were forced into minority group status and relocated by European whites who wanted the Native lands for their own needs similar to the minority group patterns in the theories of Robert Blauner. African Americans, on the other hand, have experienced two different forms of assimilation and discrimination in which those who were born here experienced legal segregation (until the 1960s Civil Rights Movements) in addition to discrimination and minority status based on “group inequity” in which the dominant group (white Anglo Europeans) believed African Americans to be inferior combined with “differential power” in which the dominant group was larger and had the resources to force the African Americans into minority status; ideas reflected in the theories of Donald L. Noel. African Americans are also comprised of immigrants who according to Blauner, made the decision to immigrate to the U.S. and therefore differ from those who were forced into minority status. Regardless of the origins of the Native Americans and African Americans, most sociologists agree that because they have been deemed “minority social races” they will continue to experience various forms of assimilation expectations and discrimination by the dominant group. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: TJANtAm1.rtf

Concerns and Goals for First Nations Web Sites
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This is a 6 page paper discussing concerns and goals for the webmasters of First Nation web sites. With the introduction of globalization and increased accessibility to information technology around the world, researchers and historians have given up the idea of keeping some indigenous cultures free from outside influences. Originally the idea of indigenous peoples changing their lives to accommodate the new technologies caused a great deal of trepidation among anthropologists and native leaders, but now technology is a part of the everyday lives of native peoples, members within the First Nations are determining how best to represent themselves using Internet sites and how to differentiate their ideals from other international cultural sites. Largely, Native Americans are most interested in using their web sites to address important global, environmental and social issues which have been restricted and disregarded on larger national sites. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: TJFNweb1.rtf

Conspiracy Of Pontiac
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A 5 page essay on the two volume book, Conspiracy of Pontiac, by Indian war historian Francis Parkman. The writer provides an informative & critical analysis covering Parkman's style, theme, and literary allusions. No additional sources cited.
Filename: Pontiac.wps

Contemporary and Historic Issues Confronting Native Americans
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A 6 page overview of the historic and contemporary issues confronting Native Americans. The author condenses these issues into three main categories: health, land and leadership. Background information is provided for each category and the reasons for its importance are emphasized in terms of statistics and historic and future applicability. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPnaIssu.rtf

Contemporary Native American Concerns: Health, Sovereignty, and Leadership
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A 6 page discussion of the many problems facing contemporary Native Americans. Traces these problems back to the initial contact with the European people who invaded Native land. Asserts that everything from the ravages of disease on modern Native Americans to struggles over land rights and the right to independent government can be related to the demands and expectations of non-Native groups who now predominate North America. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPnaIss2.wps

Contrasts in Native American and Euro-American Culture
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A 5 page overview of the various differences that have existed both historically and in contemporary times between these cultures. The author emphasizes the differences in societal structure, regard for natural resources, and religion. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPnaEur2.rtf